Wavelets are mathematical functions

AbstractionRipples are mathematical maps that cut up informations into different frequence constituents, and so analyze each constituent with a declaration matched to its graduated table. They have advantages over traditional Fourier methods in analysing physical state of affairss where the signal contains discontinuities and crisp spikes. Ripples were developed independently in the Fieldss of mathematics, quantum natural philosophies, electrical technology, and seismal geology. Interchanges between these Fieldss during the last 10 old ages have led to many new ripple applications such as image compaction, turbulency, human vision, radio detection and ranging, and temblor anticipation. This paper introduces ripples to the interested proficient individual outside of the digital signal processing field. I describe the history of ripples get downing with Fourier, compare ripple transforms with Fourier transforms, province belongingss and other particular facets of ripples, and Coating with some interesting applications such as image compaction, musical tones, and de-noising noisy informations.1. IntroductionA ripple is a wave-like oscillation with amplitude that starts out at zero, additions, and so decreases back to nothing. It can typically be visualized as a â€Å" brief oscillation † like one might see recorded Seismograph Or bosom proctor. Generally, ripples are purposefully crafted to hold specific belongingss that make them utile for signal processing. Ripples can be combined, utilizing a â€Å" displacement, multiply and amount † technique called whirl, with parts of an unknown signal to pull out information from the unknown signal. Wavelets provide an alternate attack to traditional signal processing techniques such as Fourier analysis for interrupting a signal up into its component parts. The drive drift behind ripple analysis is their belongings of being localised in clip ( infinite ) every bit good as graduated table ( frequence ) . This provides a time-scale map of a signal, enabling the extraction of characteristics that vary in clip. This makes wavelets an ideal tool for analyzing signals of a transient or non-stationary nature.2. HistoryThe development of ripples can be linked to several separate trains of idea, get downing with Haar ‘s work in the early twentieth century. Note worthy parts to wavelet theory can be attributed to Zweig ‘s find of the uninterrupted ripple transform in 1975 ( originally called the cochlear transform and discovered while analyzing the reaction of the ear to sound ) , Pierre Goupillaud, Grossmann and Morlet ‘s preparation of what is now known as the CWT ( 1982 ) , Jan-Olov Str & A ; ouml ; mberg ‘s early work on distinct ripples ( 1983 ) , Daubechies ‘ extraneous ripples with compact support ( 1988 ) , Mallat ‘s multiresolution model ( 1989 ) , Nathalie Delprat ‘s time-frequency reading of the CWT ( 1991 ) , Newland ‘s Harmonic ripple transform ( 1993 ) and many others since.First ripple ( Haar ripple ) by Alfred Haar ( 1909 )Since the 1970s: George Zweig, Jean Morlet, Alex GrossmannSince the 1980s: Yves Meyer, St & A ; eacute ; phane Mallat, Ingrid Daubechies, Ronald Coifman, Victor Wickerhauser3. WAVELET THEORYWavelet theory is applicable to several topics. All ripple transforms may b e considered signifiers of time-frequency representation for continuous-time ( parallel ) signals and so are related to harmonic analysis. Almost all practically utile distinct ripple transforms use discrete-time filter Bankss. These filter Bankss are called the ripple and scaling coefficients in ripples nomenclature. These filter Bankss may incorporate either finite impulse response ( FIR ) or infinite impulse response ( IIR ) filters. The ripples organizing a uninterrupted ripple transform ( CWT ) are capable to the uncertainness rule of Fourier analysis respective trying theory: Given a signal with some event in it, one can non delegate at the same time an exact clip and frequence response graduated table to that event. The merchandise of the uncertainnesss of clip and frequence response graduated table has a lower edge. Therefore, in the scale gm of a uninterrupted ripple transform of this signal, such an event marks an full part in the time-scale plane, alternatively of merely one point. Besides, distinct ripple bases may be considered in the context of other signifiers of the uncertainness rule. Wavelet transforms are loosely divided into three categories: uninterrupted, distinct and multiresolution-based. Above shown diagram shows all CWT ( Continuous Wavelet ) , DWT ( Discrete Wavelet ) . These all varies with the clip and degree and all graphs obtained are above shown.4. WAVELET TRANSFORMSThere are a big figure of ripple transforms each suited for different applications. For a full list see list of wavelet-related transforms but the common 1s are listed below:Continuous ripple transform ( CWT )Discrete ripple transform ( DWT )Fast ripple transform ( FWT )Raising strategyWavelet package decomposition ( WPD )Stationary ripple transform ( SWT )5. WAVELET PACKETSThe ripple transform is really a subset of a far more various transform, the ripple package transform. Wavelet packages are peculiar additive combinations of ripples. They form bases which retain many of the perpendicularity, smoothness, and localisation belongingss of their parent ripples. The coefficients in the additive combinations are computed by a recursive algorithm doing each freshly computed ripple package coefficient s equence the root of its ain analysis tree.6. WAVELETS IN MATLABWavelet Toolbox package extends the MATLAB proficient calculating environment with graphical tools and command-line maps for developing wavelet-based algorithms for the analysis, synthesis, denoising, and compaction of signals and images. Wavelet analysis provides more precise information about signal informations than other signal analysis techniques, such as Fourier. The Wavelet Toolbox supports the synergistic geographic expedition of ripple belongingss and applications. It is utile for address and sound processing, image and picture processing, biomedical imagination, and 1-D and 2-D applications in communications and geophysical sciences.7. WAVELETS VS FOURIER TRANSFORMEach and every thing in this universe comparable to it has some similarities and unsimilarities with that same is the instance with the ripples and Fourier transform. Ripples can be compared with the Fourier transform on the footing of their similarit ies and unsimilarities which are explained as follows. Assorted sorts of similarities and unsimilarities of ripples and Fourier transform are as follows.7.1 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FOURIER AND WAVELET TRANSFORMSThe fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) and the distinct ripple transform ( DWT ) are both additive operations that generate a information construction that containssegments of assorted lengths, normally make fulling and transforming it into a different informations vector of length. The mathematical belongingss of the matrices involved in the transforms are similar as good. The reverse transform matrix for both the FFT and the DWT is the transpose of the original. As a consequence, both transforms can be viewed as a rotary motion in map infinite to a different sphere. For the FFT, this new sphere contains footing maps that are sines and cosines. For the ripple transform, this new sphere contains more complicated footing maps called ripples, female parent ripples, or analysing ripple s. Both transforms have another similarity. The basic maps are localized in frequence, doing mathematical tools such as power spectra ( how much power is contained in a frequence interval ) and scale gms ( to be defined subsequently ) utile at picking out frequences and ciphering power distributions.7.2 DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN FOURIER AND WAVELET TRANSFORMSThe most interesting unsimilarity between these two sorts of transforms is that single ripple maps arelocalized in space.Fourier sine and cosine maps are non. This localisation characteristic, along with ripples ‘ localisation of frequence, makes many maps and operators utilizing ripples â€Å" thin † when transformed into the ripple sphere. This spareness, in bend, consequences in a figure of utile applications such as informations compaction, observing characteristics in images, and taking noise from clip series. One manner to see the time-frequency declaration differences between the Fourier transform and the rippl e transform is to look at the footing map coverage of the time-frequency plane. The square moving ridge window truncates the sine or cosine map to suit a window of a peculiar breadth. Because a individual window is used for all frequences in the WFT, the declaration of the analysis is the same at all locations in the time-frequency plane.8. WAVELET APPLICATIONSThere are assorted sorts of applications in the field of ripples which are as follows can be explained as followsComputer and Human VisionFBI Fingerprint CompressionDenoising Noisy DataMusical Tones8.1 COMPUTER AND HUMAN VISIONIn the early 1980s, David Marr began work at MIT ‘s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory on unreal vision for automatons. He is an expert on the human ocular system and his end was to larn why the first efforts to build a automaton capable of understanding its milieus were unsuccessful. Marr believed that it was of import to set up scientific foundations for vision, and that while making so ; one mus t restrict the range of probe by excepting everything that depends on preparation, civilization, and so on, and concentrate on the mechanical or nonvoluntary facets of vision. This low-level vision is the portion that enables us to animate the 3-dimensional organisation of the physical universe around us from the excitements that stimulate the retina. He so developed working algorithmic solutions to reply each of these inquiries. Marr ‘s theory was that image processing in the human ocular system has a complicated hierarchal construction that involves several beds of processing. At each treating degree, the retinal system provides a ocular representation that scales increasingly in a geometrical mode. His statements hinged on the sensing of strength alterations. He theorized that strength alterations occur at different graduated tables in an image, so that their optimum sensing requires the usage of operators of different sizes. He besides theorized that sudden strength altera tions produce a extremum or trough in the first derived function of the image. These two hypotheses require that a vision filter have two features: it should be a differential operator, and it should be capable of being tuned to move at any coveted graduated table. Marr ‘s operator was a ripple that today is referred to as a â€Å" Marr ripple. †8.2 FBI FINGERPRINT COMPRESSIONBetween 1924 and today, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation has collected about 30 million sets of fingerprints. The archive consists chiefly of inked feelings on paper cards. Facsimile scans of the feelings are distributed among jurisprudence enforcement bureaus, but the digitisation quality is frequently low. Because a figure of legal powers are experimenting with digital storage of the prints, mutual exclusivenesss between informations formats have late become a job. This job led to a demand in the condemnable justness community for a digitisation and a compaction criterion. In 1993, the FBI ‘s Criminal Justice Information Services Division developed criterions for fingerprint digitisation and compaction in cooperation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, commercial sellers, and condemnable justness communities. Let ‘s set the informations storage job in position. Fingerprint images are digitized at a declaration of 500 pels per inch with 256 degrees of gray-scale information per pel. A individual fingerprint is about 700,000 pels and demands about 0.6 Mbytes to hive away. A brace of custodies, so, requires about 6 Mbytes of storage. So digitising the FBI ‘s current archive would ensue in approximately 200 TBs of informations. ( Notice that at today ‘s monetary values of about $ 900 per Gbyte for hard-disk storage, the cost of hive awaying these uncompressed images would be about 200 million dollars. ) Obviously, informations compaction is of import to convey these Numberss down.8.3 DENOISING NO ISY DATAIn diverse Fieldss from planetal scientific discipline to molecular spectrometry, scientists are faced with the job of retrieving a true signal from uncomplete, indirect or noisy informations. Can wavelets assist work out this job? The reply is surely â€Å" yes, † through a technique called ripple shrinking and thresholding methods that David Donoho has worked on for several old ages. The technique works in the undermentioned manner. When you decompose a information set utilizing ripples, you use filters that act as averaging filters and others that produce inside informations. Some of the ensuing ripple coefficients correspond to inside informations in the information set. If the inside informations are little, they might be omitted without well impacting the chief characteristics of the information set. The thought of thresholding, so, is to put to zero all coefficients that are less than a peculiar threshold. These coefficients are used in an reverse ripple transm utation to retrace the information set. Figure 6 is a brace of â€Å" before † and â€Å" after † illustrations of a atomic magnetic resonance ( NMR ) signal. The signal is transformed, threshold and inverse-transformed. The technique is a important measure frontward in managing noisy informations because the denoising is carried out without smoothing out the crisp constructions. The consequence is cleaned-up signal that still shows of import inside informations. Fig.8.3.1 displays an image created by Donoho of Ingrid Daubechies ( an active research worker in ripple analysis and the discoverer of smooth orthonormal ripples of compact support ) , and so several close-up images of her oculus: an original, an image with noise added, and eventually denoised image. To denoise the image, Donoho:transformed the image to the ripple sphere utilizing Coiflets with three disappearing minutes,applied a threshold at two standard divergences, andInverse-transformed the image to the signal sphere.8.4 MUSICAL TONESVictor Wickerhauser has suggested that ripple packages could be utile in sound synthesis. His thought is that a individual ripple package generator could replace a big figure of oscillators. Through experimentation, a instrumentalist could find combinations of moving ridge packages that produce particularly interesting sounds. Wickerhauser feels that sound synthesis is a natural usage of ripples. Say one wishes to come close the sound of a musical instrument. A sample of the notes produced by the instrument could be decomposed into its ripple package coefficients. Reproducing the note would so necessitate recharging those coefficients into a ripple package generator and playing back the consequence. Transient features such as onslaught and decay- approximately, the strength fluctuations of how the sound starts and ends- could be controlled individually ( for illustration, with envelope generators ) , or by utilizing longer wave packages and encoding those belongingss every bit good into each note. Any of these procedures could be controlled in existent clip, for illustration, by a keyboard. Notice that the musical instrument could merely every bit good be a human voice, and the notes words or phonemes. A wavelet-packet-based music synthesist could hive away many complex sounds expeditiously becauseripple package coefficients, like ripple coefficients, are largely really little for digital samples of smooth signals ; andDiscarding coefficients below a predetermined cutoff introduces merely little mistakes when we are compacting the information for smooth signals.Similarly, a wave packet-based address synthesist could be used to retrace extremely tight address signals. Figure 8.4.1 illustrates a ripple musical tone or toneburst.9. ADVANTAGES OF WAVELET TRANSFORMATIONAdvantages of ripple transmutation are as follows which are discussed below.Space and Time Efficiency ( Low Complexity of DWT ) .Generality & A ; Adaptability ( Different Basis and Wavelet Functions ) .Multiresolution Properties ( Hierarchical Representation & A ; Manipulation ) .Adaptability of the Transformation ( Different Basis Functions let different Properties of the Transformation )Transformation is Hierarchical ( Multiresolution – Properties )Transformation is Loss-FreeEfficiency of the Transformation ( Linear Time and Space Complexity for Orthogonal Wavelets )Generalization of the Transformation ( Generalization of other Transformations )CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPEMost of basic ripple theory has been done. The mathematics has been worked out in tormenting item and ripple theory is now in the polish phase. The refinement phase involves generalisations and extensions of ripples, such as widening ripple package techniques. The hereafter of ripples lies in the as-yet chartless district ofapplications.Wavelet techniques have non been exhaustively worked out in applications such as practical information analysis, where for illustration discretely sampled time-series informations might necessitate to be analyzed. Such applications offer exciting avenues for geographic expedition. Basically after working on this term paper we came to cognize about the construct of the ripples its relation wi th the Fourier transform its advantages in shacking universe.Mentionswww.yahoo.com ( a truly friendly usher to ripples ) .www.google.com ( ripples ppt. ) .www.wikipedia.com ( ripples ) .www.google.com ( Seminar Report on ripples by ROBI POLIKAR )www.google.com ( applications of ripples ) .

Mr Groegaard

Environment of Organization of the Environment Networks in and Around Organizations Learning points the rational perspective Discuss central elements in the rational system perspective of organizations. Discuss the concept of differentiations and its consequences How may we argue that Taylor did not considered elements of the social structure of the organization and how may we argue that he did? Discuss how the technological developments the last 20 years have revalidated or devastative the relevance of the rational perspective?How does goal setting work in organizations When does it work and when does it not? Discuss the importance of the talent of management in the rational perspective Agenda Introduction Rational System Taylor Payola Lecture on Organizations as rational systems Weber – Weber Simon Wrap-up Case workshop Lecture on goals in organizations A Rational System Definition Organizations are collectives oriented and coordinated to the pursuit of relative specific goa ls Organizations are collectivities that exhibit a relatively high degree of formalizationConscious Deliberate Organizations vary with respect to specificity of goals Degree of formalization Consciousness Deliberation Organizations vary with respect to degree of rationality†¦ Specificity of goals Both with regard to strategies & implementation Why? How?Coot's definition: Organizations are collectivities oriented to the pursuit of relatively specific goals and exhibiting relatively highly formalized social structure Organizations as Rational Systems The extent to which a series of actions is organized in such a way as to lead to predetermined goals with maximum efficiency Scott, 2003 Tailor's Scientific Management Task analysis – Motion studies clear tasks and goals the rule of reason improved quality lower costs higher wages higher output 1856- 1915 Modern Times modern_times copy. Ova Labor-management cooperation, experimentation, Feedback Training Mutual help and suppor t Stress reduction Careful selection and development of people Irony 1: Taylor was fired from one of his Jobs Too successful Labor Unions complained about the firing of 40% of the workers.

Culture and Education Essay

When dealing with issues that pertain to people’s beliefs and faith, one has to tread with caution. Although there is religious liberty, one has to be careful about religious issues when it comes to public places. For one, I believe that religion is a personal thing and restrain should be put on it when we come to a place where other people that are not of the same religious belief are. Not that we are not at liberty to display our faith but the truth is that as we have right so do other people have rights too and our own faith should not overshadow theirs. However, there are some instances where we might be in a dilemma of what to do. The case provided is a good example of this scenario. Without recourse to emotions or sentiments, I think the board made a right decision which has been long overdue. However, as expected, some people will rebuff this decision because of some rather emotional or sentimental reasons. Their argument will be will not be objective but their rebuttal of the board’s decision will be patterned after the following argument. The position of the parents who rebuffed the decision of the board will be grounded on the fact that the late principal deserves some respect because he has toiled in that school. These parents will consider the action made by the board as disrespectful to the late principal and thus will call for the reversal. Apart from this, they might argue that the portrait has been an integral part of the school tradition and that they consider the idea of just waking up one day and deciding to remove what has been a part of the school life and tradition rather absurd. â€Å"What do you want the poor boy that painted the portrait to feel? Imagine the number of hours the poor boy spent in painting that portrait. † Furthermore, these parents may argue that since no one is complaining about the portrait, the portrait is not affecting the board. â€Å"Is it disturbing you or is it hindering the discharge of your duties? † Question 2: A. Linda Mealey argued in her paper titled â€Å"Bulking up: the roles of sex and sexual orientation on attempts to manipulate physical attractiveness† that â€Å"Socialization processes can either reduce or enhance biological differences between individuals or groups† Sex role socialization and sexual orientation has led to stereotypes. The more people are aware of their sexual orientation, the more they come to be identified with the general preconceived ideas about the sex. For example, if a lady believes in a stereotype about women generally, she comes to see herself from the point of view of this stereotype and this will make her naturally identify with people that fall under the same sexual orientation. Although, stereotypes might sometimes lead to discrimination of a sex, the truth is that it allows people that fall under the same sex to identify with each others as it serves as a unifying platform. B. There are some school roles that reinforce sex role stereotypes for girls. An example of this is the fact that the position of cheerleaders in the school football teams. This reinforces sex role stereotypes for the girls because they are made to feel that they can not meet up with the challenges that men do. Another example is that in some schools, the positions of vice-presidents of organizations are reserved for ladies. This also reinforces sex role stereotypes that men are leaders and women should support them in whatever they do. Although these school roles might not be directly intended to reinforce sex role stereotypes, the truth is that they do. Reference: Mealey, L. â€Å"Bulking up: the roles of sex and sexual orientation on attempts to manipulate physical attractiveness† (1997) Retrieved on April 28, 2008 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_n2_v34/ai_19551975

Market research 1 -The marketing research process,scope etc for your Essay

Market research 1 -The marketing research process,scope etc for your chosen scenario - Essay Example Simultaneously, the applicability of various techniques for the proposed study will be studied and the best method will be identified. The market research is meant to identify the requirements of the customers visiting a bank. The research attempts to identify the importance the customers gave towards features like security of transmission, the customer-banker relationship, the bank’s array of services, and foothold amongst other factors. The research will not be testing as to how the customers actually perceive the services provided by the bankers, but just their expectations. The research will make an attempt to form conclusions to identify areas where the bankers should focus upon. Bank customers demand a varied type of services from their banks apart from the traditional ones they already provide. One of the most important among them is a hassle free and fast transfer of our funds. An ideal way of transferring funds is to convert physical money to an electronic one that can facilitate a large number of aspects ranging from increased efficiency in money transmission, low transaction cost in money transmission, expansion of economic activities on the internet and opening up of new businesses opportunities. However, these increased facilities are not free of problems. The most important one that the bank customers face is related to security issues. Another problem often faced by bank customers throughout the world is that of a weak customer-management relationship. People are very concerned about their hard-earned money, and often seek expert advice on them issues related to their investment. It is expected from the bank management to enrich them with their experience. But often it is found that the banks fail to attain friendly terms with their customers that would provide the latter with the freedom to interact. (Susan Ward, Customer Relationship

International Dispute Settlement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Dispute Settlement - Essay Example This paper will even focus on the difference between municipal courts and methods for settling international disputes. Body Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR is an umbrella term used for various methods used to settle disputes in the international arena (August, 2009). These methods are used when two international parties end up disagreeing with each other; these methods are used when parties want to solve the dispute without going to courts. There are various advantages and disadvantages associated with this sort of dispute settlement process. International parties resort to this sort of dispute settlement because this method saves money. When dispute cases are taken to courts, a lot of cost is involved. These costs include: fees for hiring and deploying a lawyer, fees of creating and obtaining documentation and court fees. When ADR is used as a method to resolve dispute, cost of hiring lawyers and court fees is eradicated. This method is best for those parties who are in a conflic t in which too much money is not involved. When cases go to municipal courts, the cases catch the eyes of the public and media. Due to this the positive impression of good companies that trade internationally is hampered. This benefit of ADR secures the privacy of the parties involved and due to this method; companies do not have to be held accountable for sharing their private information with the public. Disputes that are taken to the court experience heavy amount of wastage of time, it takes years to settle a dispute in courts. In case of ADR, disputes end up being solved in as low as two to three weeks time period. The time period spend on solving a dispute through ADR is dependant on how soon parties are ready to sit with a panelist to resolve the conflict. Hen disputes are settled in courts, the entire process is controlled by the supreme one that is the judge. In ADR the parties have certain control over the process selection and selection of the panelist which is conducted a fter reviewing a list of experienced panelist. The main advantage of this type of dispute settlement is that this method can lead to a win situation for both the parties; this feature of ADR is rarely present in municipal court cases (August, 2009). There are several upsides of resolving dispute through ADR, but this method is not short of downsides. One of the major downsides of ADR is that it is not enforceable by law, this means that the parties have a free will whether to abide by the resolution or not. On the other hand, disputes resolved in the court of law are enforced and the law ensures that the parties involved abide by the decision. Secondly, equally justice may not take place because the stronger party may be able to direct the resolution in his favor which will result in a loss for the other party. The panelist of ADR might not have expertise equal to the expertise of a judge; therefore he/she might not be able to resolve the conflict in a highly professional manner (Au gust, 2009). International Tribunals ADR is a dispute solving method which is not processed under legal circumstances; on the other hand there are ways through which international problems can be resolved through judiciary procedures. These methods are recognized as international tribunals, there are various such courts including the WTO and the ICJ. The advantages of such tribunals are that

Alexander I - Reformer or Autocrat Research Paper

Alexander I - Reformer or Autocrat - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, quite a few of those rulers have proved to be so influential that people and history have remembered them since time immemorial. In fact, these chronicles of ancient civilizations have always reigned over the credentials of history. Likewise, these emperors and their ruling periods have left a noticeable and ineradicable imprint in the history of the universe. Amongst the few incomprehensible autocrats that the world has witnessed, Alexander I is one of those enigmatic tsars that has tyrannized the region of Russia for more than a span of twenty years. While looking at the historical background of Russia, it has come under observation that Russia has been a foremost power of Europe that has played a significant role for the peace settlements of the greater parts of it. In addition, history enlightens that for over several centuries; Russia indulged itself as a curb for the European countries in front of the emperors that in quest of having the power over them1. Despite the fact that Alexander I had been a prominent personality of the history, several historical episodes deal with him but only a few meticulous analyses on his personality and policies have come under presentation. The autobiographical epic of Alexander I elucidate the piece of information that he was born in the latter years of the sixteenth century and the last quarter of decade 1770s in one of the largest cities of Russia. Alexander I the Blessed was another name given to him by the people of Russia as he ruled over Russia as an emperor for nearly twenty-five years during his shot span of life. Alexander I was also the Russian King of Poland for approximately ten years. He also gained recognition by becoming the â€Å"first Russian Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania†2. Although Alexander I was the eldest son amongst his siblings, yet he became the successor to his father of the throne and came into power at a very young age. Alexander I became the czar of Russia when this state was in a turbulent and uncontrolled position due to the happening of Napoleonic Wars. According to the historians, the ruling period of Alexander has come under dissection in two periods primarily. The first period comes under remembrance mostly as progressive and the concluding years of the power deemed as orthodox or counterrevolutionary stage. The historical records reveal the fact that noninterventionist or liberal improvements and reforms were the highlighting facets during the earlier period of the sovereignty of Alexander I. Alexander I carried out the liberal reforms with an intention to transform Russian empire into a highly democratic and modernized society. Moreover, restructuring of the country and codify the legislation of Russia were amongst the numerous distinct reforms of Alexander I3. In addition to it, education and spread of knowledge was one of the fundamental aspects of the early reforms by Alexander I that came under key emphasis during his early reign in terlude. However, the latter period of his dominion states that he practiced much more arbitrary manner of conduct that even abolished or rolled back several preceding reforms consequently4. This is because he became quite conservative after defeating Napoleon who made an endeavor to surmount Russia. This defeat to Napoleon endorsed Alexander I as the most supreme and powerful ruler amongst all of the European emperors. Actually, the alliance of Russia with France deteriorated after this defeat to Napo

Describing and Applying victimization theory Research Paper

Describing and Applying victimization theory - Research Paper Example Cohen and Felson proposed Routine Activity Theory of Victimization and mainly focused on predatory crime. Crime is described in this theory as an act of taking or damaging property belonging to another person. Crime, as perceived in this theory, posits three characteristics; a motivated offender, target, and absence of guardianship. For any crime to occur, the motivated offender must make contact with the victim or the target. Other intervening variables include the absence of persons or conditions that could intervene between the two (Wilcox, 2010). In this theory, the first variable-the motivated offender- is given. According to proponents of this theory, proper understanding of crime must focus on other elements other than the motivation of the offender. Cohen and Felson use the example of increasing levels of disposable income in the early 1960 due to increased number of couples working. The need for leisure creates the need for families to buy electronics and other household appliances. These developments increased chances for burglary as most people never stayed at home to guard these appliances Wilcox, 2010). Theories of victimization have been applied in a number situations such as sex crime, stalking, and property crime among others. The underlying principle in the examples listed is that the offender and the victim must be within the same physical area to produce an elevated risk of victimization. In the wake of the current technological development especially in the use of the internet, the elements of crime in the Lifestyle-routine theory such as guardianship, proximity to potential offenders and exposure creates endless opportunities for cyberspace victimization. The approach adopted by this theory is that physical interaction increases opportunities for victimization in space and time. The cyberspace victimization, however, do not require the offender and the victim to interact physically in space and time. The application of

Retailer Relationships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Retailer Relationships - Research Paper Example The British American Tobacco is a leading retailer within the region. They have established retailers to help ensure that their consumers can access their products in an effective way. The retailers ensure that the supply of goods is reliable, and therefore this enables consumers to buy what they need, wherever they are and whenever the need arises at quality prices. Proper relations between the retailer and consumer ensure that one pays reasonable prices for the commodities they buy (Newman & Cullen, 2002). The British American Tobacco targets a certain range of consumers in the market, and therefore to make it to their target goals, there are ways of marketing their products. They create adverts or conduct consumer awareness campaigns to help the consumer understand what goods are in the market and thus choose the best suitable for their needs. These retailers take into consideration the need to maintain their environments clean and the need to release user-friendly products in the market. Therefore, they usually pack their products in environment friendly packages, and in case of dangerous emissions, they treat them before releasing to the human environment. To ensure that the youth do not smoke, they have put restrictions to the sellers and suppliers on who the products should be sold to. Their commodities are under restriction for individuals below the age of 19. To ensure that sellers stick by the policy, they put adverts in televisions, signboards, and even campaigns against underage smoking. The BAT Company want to ensure that they fill every gap in the market; they even conduct research to identify whether they serve the needs of their customers. This helps access the type of services provided. They compare their products to those of their competitors, and therefore strive to improve the quality of goods offered. The quality may vary due to the distribution of their commodities; failure to engage customer opinions in their activities or even the overal l quality of products may be poor (Jones et al, 2002). However, research conducted recently showed that the British American Tobacco is one among the best retailer marketing institutions. Competitors have released substitute products to the markets that are of low quality and that cause more harm to the human body. The British American tobacco should put all the necessary efforts to ensure that consumers have the knowledge on the need to consume legitimate products. These contrabands only aim at making profits and do not care about consumer safety (Madaan, 2009). Since these illicit products cannot be altogether kicked out of the market, they need to establish their authentication to at least ensure that consumers are not at serious risks. With the changing times, British American Tobacco has managed to enhance its supply in different continents. Through this, it is easier to achieve growth because access to new markets increases sales, and later on, increasing the profits attained. With more branches, it is more likely to expand the company’s profile, and therefore this even creates more jobs for people all over the world, and more suppliers enabling distribution of commodities are able to earn themselves incomes and enhance interactions between consumers and retailers at grass roots level. Diversity in markets explored increases connections, but this is only possible using effective managerial personnel and creating

Personal reflection - and academic literature to support that Essay

Personal reflection - and academic literature to support that reflection - Essay Example ate with company policies and decisions is another crucial role in my opinion as in any lack of communications the workflow can be interrupted and precious time can be wasted. On the other hand, keeping record and communicating with suppliers should be a separate role under a purchases department, that department should analyse marketing information and sales reports to anticipate the future supply needs and compare market prices with offers and freight. Finally, maintaining records of business meetings is an important part of the roles assigned to the secretary. In that regard a continuous follow-up can boost all other functions and remind them of their own deadlines mentioned and approved in the regular meetings, this can make the company leader work in following up with the progress of each department a much easier task, as well as the other roles in an organisation. Personally, I think my long experience in administrative roles had helped me significantly to cope with the presented tasks. I’ve had real life experience as a committee secretary for two years in my 15 years work experience. In addition to having a recent experience in business setup and managing a new business that helped me anticipate some of the similar progress timeframes I also had a pre-assumption on some facts and regulations that might be of assistance in some cases but an obstacle in others. For an example, I knew the time frame it takes  products to be purchased and the difficulty of sales. I also knew the profit percentage of the returns and the running expenses, but in return I had pre-assumptions that held me from anticipating the free facilities offered by the University Personally I’ve been faced with some challenges within the specific tasks of my role, and one could be my problem with time management issues. For the past 15 years, I  have attended few seminars and courses related to time management but unfortunately I keep misjudging my capacity for work volume and

Cebu Province Division Essay Example for Free

Cebu Province Division Essay Introduction DAMATH, a patent-pending mathematical board-game invented by five-time national awardee Jesus L. Huenda, is coined from the popular Filipino checkerboard game of dama, (or lady in Spanish) and mathematics. It started in a Sorsogon National High School class in Sorsogon, Philippines and its popularity spread quickly and resulted in the first national DAMATH competitions held at Legaspi City in 1980. He initiated this competition with the support of the Science Foundation of the Philippines. He hopes to introduce DAMATH to secondary math teachers as part of a requirement of his work as PASMEP Fellow at Curtin University / WACAE, Western Australia. Thus if this material, or part of it, is used commercially or otherwise (except for classroom instruction purposes), permission must be secured in writing from him. By the way, DAMATH is part of the inventor’s position paper, Non-formal mathematics education: the Sorsogon National High School experience, delivered at the 1978 First Southeast Asian Conference on Mathematical Education, PICC, Manila; 1979 and 1980 MTAP national conventions at Legaspi City and Quezon City, respectively. 1981, 1983 and 1988 Philippine Expositions, PHILTRADE, Manila; conference, Mandurah, WA; Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers 13th biennial national conference, Hobart. Rationale It is becoming a growing classroom practice in many school subjects, including mathematics, to use games to promote the understanding of concepts and skills. This practice is supported by child psychologist Piaget and Inhelder (1969) and Kohlberg (1969) who are convinced that affective, cognitive, and social development strongly influence one another and develop along parallel lines. There are data to support this statement. Thus, the use of socially interactive mathematical games in learning and teaching mathematics is credible. Objectives 1. To integrate the Filipino checkerboard game of dama into the teaching of mathematical concepts and skills. 2. To encourage the utilization of recycled materials in constructing damath board set (for classroom use only). 3. To analyze damath as a possible subject of mathematical investigations. 4. To enhance wholesome interpersonal relations among learners. 5. To promote mathematical consciousness among, family members in particular and the community in general through the mathematics club’s community outreach damath competitions. 6. To promote awareness of girls in mathematics [as king is to the game of chess, so dama (or lady) is to damath ] ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 2 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Teacher’s Notes: Any game can be trivial or worthwhile. It all depends on the players of the game and when and why. Feedback from teachers who have tried damath is encouraging because they have found it appropriate, fun, and useful in their classes. All 12 games are to be played in pairs. Students learning mathematics in this way have been found to associate mathematics with wholesome and purposeful work. These games may introduce, supplement, reinforce or refresh concepts, skills and attitudes. To get the most out of damath, read the accompanying guide sheet and list of materials needed. Determine what extra work can be assigned to pairs of students who will carry out the activity. As a follow-up activity, some mathematical investigations concerning damath may be assigned to small groups of students, or mathematics club may conduct community-outreach damath competitions highlighting awareness of girls in mathematics. In doing so, observe student’s performance and reactions and record them in a cognitive skill checklist and attitude respectively. This, together with your assessment, will provide you with significant data for future reference. The inventor welcome suggestions from teachers in the field by sending it to: Jesus L. Huenda, Curriculum Development Division, Bureau of Secondary Education, Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Palacio del Governador, Intramuros, Manila. Suggestions and input can be mailed to him using the following form: (See next page). TO THE STUDENTS In DAMATH, there are 12 games to play. All of these games are original especially designed for you to make you do and play mathematics, have fun with it in thinking, making a game plan, and using your common sense, honesty and fair play. Do them and learn mathematics. Do them and enjoy yourself, too. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 3 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Name of the game: ___________________________ School:____________________________ Sender’s Name (Optional):_____________________ Address:___________________________ What I like in the game Areas for improvement Guide Sheet Title Damath the Teeny Integer Countess Damath Damath-in-a-Whole Damath Over U Busy Deci Damath Damath the Old Prime Madonna Damath the Fibo Nutty Lady Byte-a-Damath Damath a la Mod Trig-a-Damath Sci-No-Damath Log-a-Damath Concept Integers Counting numbers Whole numbers Fractions decimals Prime numbers Fibonacci sequence Binary numbers Modulo 12 Trigonometric Functions Scientific Notation Logarithmic function Place in the Curriculum Review activity for Units 3 – 8 List of Materials Damath board set (See attachment A) Enrichment activity for Units 3 – 8 Enrichment activity for Unit 2 Introductory activity for Unit 5 Enrichment activity for Unit 6 ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 4 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ DAMATH: 12 games for High School Mathematics Contents Of This Package †¢ Activity sheets for students for each of the following titles: Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity †¢ Teacher’ Manual 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Damath the Teeny Integer Countess Damath Damath-in-a-Whole Damath Over U Busy Deci Damath Damath the Odd Prime Madonna Damath the Fibo Nutty Lady Byte-a-Damath Damath a la Mod Trig-a-Damath Sci-no-Damath Log-a-Damath Rules: How to S T A R T 24 chips should be placed first on the following squares on the DAMATH board Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 5 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ How to make a move 1. Toss a coin to decide who moves first. 2. The first player moves a piece by sliding diagonally forward to an adjoining vacant square (no chip is to be placed on colored squares). Record your move in the scoresheet. Example: Red player moves â€Å"-1† to an adjoining vacant square ( 5 , 4 ), thus, to the scoresheet the player writes on the first column under the heading â€Å"Move† with [-1 (5,4) ] to mean â€Å"-1† goes to a square located 5 on its x-axis and 4 on its y-axis. 3. The two players alternately take turn in moving a piece. How to take a piece (Ka-on) 1. In the example above, Red player with piece â€Å"-1† is required (pass is not allowed) to take a piece â€Å"2† of Blue side by jumping over the piece to be taken and landing on the latter’s adjoining vacant square, which, also, determine the symbol of operation to be used. Example: â€Å"-1† takes â€Å"2† by jumping over it (player gets the piece â€Å"2†) and finally lands on a square (7,2) which has minus sign on it. Thus, on the scoresheet, the player writes on the first column with â€Å"-1 – 2†. Moreover, on the second column under the heading â€Å"Score†, the player writes the answer as â€Å"-3†. While on the third column under the heading â€Å"Total Score†, the player writes the total score by adding whatever points in it, thus, â€Å"-3†. Round off numbers, if necessary. 2. A player can take one chip or more than one chip with the required option to take the greater number of chips. 3. A Red chip is declared as â€Å"dama† if it reaches any of the following squares: ( 1, 0 ) (3,0) (5,0) (7,0) Similarly, for Blue Chip as follows: ( 0, 7 ) (2,7) (4,7) (6,7) 4. Once a piece is declared as â€Å"dama† it could slide diagonally forward or backward in any vacant square provided no opposing piece blocks it. It could take a piece or pieces and have the privilege of doubling its scores. 5. The game is ended it (a.) a player has no more piece to move; or, (b.) it is impossible for any or both players to go on because of repeated move. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 6 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ In (a) or (b), the remaining piece or pieces are added to the total score. Finally, the player with the greater accumulated total, wins the game. How to score Shown below is a Damath Scoresheet. Initial entries on it were taken from the above examples of player’s move and in taking piece or pieces. DAMATH SCORESHEET Red Player Move -1 (5,4) -1 2 Score -3 Total 2 -3 Player Move (9,3) Score Total Blue Player’s Signature: Player’s Signature: Signature of Teacher / Parent: Signature of Teacher / Parent: Win Loss Win Loss ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 7 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 1: DAMATH the Teeny Integer A game for two players. What you need * †¢ DAMATH board ( 8 squares by 8 squares ) 24 chips in two colors: ( 12 of each color, thus, 0, -1, 2, -3, 4, -5, 6, -7, 8, -9, 10, -11 ) For illustration, see attachment A of this Package. What it is about It is a game of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of integers, rounding off numbers, and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 8 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 2: Countess DAMATH A game for two players. What you need Same materials as in Activity 1, but on the reverse side of chip no. â€Å"0† write chip no. â€Å"12†. What it is about It is a game of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing counting numbers; rounding off numbers, and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 9 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Rules Same rules as in Activity 1,but the â€Å"0† chip is replaced by â€Å"12† [ â€Å"12† is on the reverse side of â€Å"0† chip]; and, negative signs have to be disregarded. Thus, initial positions of the chips are as follows: Chip Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of Blue Chip (1,2) (3,2) (5,2) (7,2) (0,1) (2,1) (4,1) (6,1) (1,0) (3,0) (5,0) (7,0) Position of Red Chip (6,5) (4,5) (2,5) (0,5) (7,6) (5,6) (3,6) (1,6) (6,7) (4,7) (2,7) (0,7) In taking a chip or chips, addition, subtraction multiplication, and division of counting numbers are used. Round off numbers, if necessary, in making entries on the scoresheet. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 10 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 3: DAMATH – in – a Whole A game for two players. What you need Same materials as in Activity 1 What it is about It is a game of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing Whole numbers ; rounding off numbers, and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 11 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Rules Same rules as in Activity 2, but the â€Å"12† chip is replaced by â€Å"0† [ â€Å"0† is on the reverse side of â€Å"12† chip]; and, negative signs have to be disregarded. Thus, initial positions of the chips are as follows: Chip Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Position of Blue Chip (1,2) (3,2) (5,2) (7,2) (0,1) (2,1) (4,1) (6,1) (1,0) (3,0) (5,0) (7,0) Position of Red Chip (6,5) (4,5) (2,5) (0,5) (7,6) (5,6) (3,6) (1,6) (6,7) (4,7) (2,7) (0,7) In taking a chip or chips, addition, subtraction multiplication, and division of whole numbers are used. Round off numbers, if necessary, in making entries on the Scoresheet. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 12 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 4: DAMATH Over U A game for two players. What you need Same materials as in Activity 1, but the positive and negative numbers should have â€Å"10† as denominator (use reverse side of chips). What it is about It is a game of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing fractions; and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity1, but adding, Subtracting, multiplying and dividing fractions are used, thus, all entries on the Scoresheet are fractions. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 13 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 5: Busy Deci DAMATH A game for two players. What you need Same materials as in Activity 4, but decimal equivalent should take the place of fractions. What it is about It is a game of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing decimals; and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity 4, but instead of fractions, the decimal equivalents are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. In taking a chip or chips, results of mathematical operations are rounded off to the nearest hundredths. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 14 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 6: DAMATH the Odd Prime Madonna A game for two players. What you need Same materials as in Activity 1 What it is about It is a game of prime numbers; integers; squaring numbers; rounding off numbers; and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity 1, but in taking a chip or chips the results of algebraic operations are squared if it is an odd prime number. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 15 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 7: DAMATH the Fibo Nutty Lady A game for two players. What you need Same materials as in Activity 2 What it is about It is a game using the Fibonacci sequence; counting numbers; Cubing numbers; rounding off numbers; and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity 2, but in taking a chip or chips the results of mathematical operations are cubed if it is a Fibonacci number. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 16 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity A game for two players. 8: Byte – a DAMATH What you need Same materials as in Activity 3, but even numbers are to be considered as â€Å"0†, while odd numbers as â€Å"1†. What it is about It is a game of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing binary numbers; and point plotting Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity 3, but in taking a piece or pieces binary arithmetic is used. Thus, initial positions of blue and red chips are as follow: Chips 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Position of Blue Chip Position of Red Chip (1,2) (6,5) (3,2) (4,5) (5,2) (2,5) (7,2) (0,5) (0,1) (7,6) (2,1) (5,6) (4,1) ( 3 , 6) (6,1) (1,6) (1,0) (6,7) (3,0) (4,7) (5,0) (2,7) (7,0) (0,7) ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 17 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity A game for two players. 9: DAMATH a la Mod What you need Same materials as in Activity 3 What it is about It is a game of addition, subtraction, multiplication and Division in module 12; and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity 3, but in taking a piece or pieces binary arithmetic is used. Thus, initial positions of blue and red chips are as follow: Chips 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of Blue Chip Position of Red Chip (1,2) (6,5) (3,2) (4,5) (5,2) (2,5) (7,2) (0,5) (0,1) (7,6) (2,1) (5,6) (4,1) ( 3 , 6) (6,1) (1,6) (1,0) (6,7) (3,0) (4,7) (5,0) (2,7) (7,0) (0,7) ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 18 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity A game for two players. 10 : Trig – a DAMATH What you need Same materials as in Activity 1, but the following integers should have the Corresponding trigonometric functions by changing them to degrees: Chips in degrees -1 and 10 -3 and 8 -5 and 6 -7 and 4 -9 and 2 11 and 0 Trigonometric Functions Sin Cos Tan Cot Sec Csc What it is about It is a game using trigonometric functions; trigonometric identities; changing degrees to radians and vice – versa; and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity 1, but in taking a piece or pieces (this time, integers are expressed in degrees) trigonometric functions and identities are used. Thus, initial positions of blue and red chips are as follow: Chips in degrees Position of Blue Chip Position of Red Chip Csc 0 (5,2) (2,5) Sin –1 (3,2) (4,5) Sec 2 (7,2) (0,5) Cos -3 (1,2) (6,5) Cot 4 (4,1) (3,6) Tan –5 (2,1) (5,6) Tan 6 (6,1) ( 1 , 6) Cot –7 (0,1) (7,6) Cos 8 (5,0) (2,7) Sec –9 (3,0) (4,7) Sin 10 (7,0) (0,7) Csc -11 (1,0) (6,7) ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 19 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity A game for two players. 11 : Sci – no DAMATH What you need Same materials as in Activity 2, but the integers are raised to their corresponding Powers as follows. Chips 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Expressed in Scientific Notation 1.1 x 10-1 2.2 x 10 2 3.3 x 10-3 4.4 x 10 4 5.5 x 10-5 6.6 x 10 6 7.7 x 10-7 8.8 x 10 8 9.9 x 10-9 1.01 x 10 10 1.11 x 10-11 1.212 x 10 12 What it is a bout It is a game of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing numbers in scientific notation; and point plotting. Aim of the Game The player with the most points wins. Rules Same rule as in Activity 2, but addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers in scientific notation are used; thus, entries on the Scoresheet should be numbers expressed in scientific notation. ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 20 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ Activity 12 : Log – a DAMATH A game for two players. What you need Same materials as in Activity 11 (common logarithm) or as in Activity 10 ( for logarithms and trigonometric function), as the case maybe, depending player’s agreement. What it is about It is a game of common logarithms; logarithms of trigonometric functions; and point plotting. Aim of the Game Same as in Activity 11 or Activity 10, as the case maybe. Rules Same rules as in Activity 11 or Activity 10, as the case maybe, depending on the player’s agreement, but common logarithms and logarithms of trigonometric functions are used, respectively. Thus, entries on the Scoresheet should have common logarithms or logarithms of trigonometric functions, as the case maybe/ ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 21 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ A. GAMES FOR DAMATHS COMPETITIONS: Levels Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Grades Grades I – II Grades III – IV Grades V – VI First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year Contents Counting Numbers Whole Numbers Positive Fractions Integers Signed Fractions Radical Damath Polynomial Damath B. POSITIONS OF CHIPS: ( Elementary Level ) Level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 CHIP NUMBERS I Level II Level III 0 1/10 1 2/10 2 3/10 3 4/10 4 5/10 5 6/10 6 7/10 7 8/10 8 9/10 9 10/10 10 11/10 11 12/10 BLUE CHIPS (1,2) (3,2) (5,2) (7,2) (0,1) (2,1) (4,1) (6,1) (1,0) (3,0) (5,0) (7,0) RED CHIPS (6,5) (4,5) (2,5) (0,5) (7,6) (5,6) (3,6) (1,6) (6,7) (4,7) (2,7) (0,7) POSITIONS OF CHIPS: ( Secondary Level ) CHIP 1st Year 0 -1 2 -3 4 -5 6 -7 8 -9 10 -11 2nd Year 0/10 -1/10 2/10 -3/10 4/10 -5/10 6/10 -7/10 8/10 -9/10 10/10 -11/10 NUMBERS 3rd Year 4√18 -√8 16√32 -9√2 36√32 -25√18 64√2 -49√8 100√2 -81√32 144√8 -121√18 4th Year 6x -xy2 10y -3x2y 28y -15x 36x2y -21xy2 66x2y -45y 78xy2 -55x For 4th Year Only, Blue Red Chips BLUE CHIPS (5,2) (3,2) (7,2) (1,2) (4,1) (2,1) (6,1) (0,1) (5,0) (3,0) (7,0) (1,0) RED CHIPS (2,5) (4,5) (0,5) (6,5) (3,6) (5,6) (1,6) (7,6) (2,7) (4,7) (0,7) (6,7) ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 22 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ POSITIONS OF CHIPS: ( Secondary Level ) Level 4 CHIP Level 5 NUMBERS Level VI Level VII -1 1.1 X 10 0 2 2.2 X 10 1 3.3 X 10-3 2 4 4.4 X 10 3 5.5 X 10-5 4 6 6.6 X 10 5 7.7 X 10-7 6 8 8.8 X 10 7 -9 9.9 X 10 8 1.01 X 10 10 9 -11 1.111 X 10 10 1.212 X 10 12 11 BLUE CHIPS (1,2) (3,2) (5,2) (7,2) (0,1) (2,1) (4,1) (6,1) (1,0) (3,0) (5,0) (7,0) RED CHIPS (6,5) (4,5) (2,5) (0,5) (7,6) (5,6) (3,6) (1,6) (6,7) (4,7) (2,7) (0,7) General Guidelines on DAMATHS Century Match 1. First player is determined by drawing lots. 2. Basically the rule in playing dama shall be used as follows: a. A â€Å"chip with numeral† moves diagonally forward to an adjoining vacant square. b. A chip takes an opponent’s chip or chips diagonally forward or backward. Mathematical operation such as addition subtraction, multiplication, or division of numerals shall be used depending on the vacant square’s operation symbol where the â€Å"taker† chip lands by jumping over the â€Å"taken† chip, â€Å"pass† is not allowed. c. On taking a chip or chips the following policy shall prevail: * â€Å"mayor dalawa† * â€Å"mayor tatlo† * â€Å"mayor dama† * â€Å"mayor dama dalawa† (x) takes 0 VS (x) takes 0 VS (x) takes 0 VS (dama) takes 0 (y) takes 1, takes 2 (y) takes 1, takes 2, and takes 3 (dama) takes 1 VS (x) takes 1, takes 2 over mayor dama. d. A player’s chip is declared as â€Å"dama† if it reaches the other player’s designated â€Å"dama† locations or squares. A dama chip can move or take a piece to any unoccupied square along the diagonal path. Moreover, when a â€Å"dama† takes a chip the score is doubled; when the â€Å"dama† is taken the score is also doubled; when a â€Å"dama† takes another â€Å"dama† the score is quadrupled. e. In taking more than one chip, the â€Å"taker† chip shall remain as the initial addend, minuend, multiplicand, or dividend as the case maybe. (This means that MDAS for multiple operations shall not apply in this case). f. A â€Å"move† is good only for one (1) minute, while the game’s duration shall not exceed 20 minutes. g. The remaining chips shall be added to the respective players. h. The game ends when any one of the following situations occur: ES I–Math Biongcog; MT 1 =Lauron; MT 1 =Tubin; HT 3 =Torbeso; MT 1 = Berna MT 2=Gonzaga; T2=Perez 23 Cebu Province Division = Damath Seminar Workshop 1998 10-13-2008 ______________________________________________________________________________ 1.) a player has no more chip to move 2.) 20-minute game duration had elapsed 3.) repetitive â€Å"moves† of any or both players. i. The player having the greater â€Å"total score† wins the game. In case of a â€Å"tie†, a 10-minute rematch follows thereafter untill a winner is declared. j. No player is allowed to compete in a level lower than the one specified for his grade level. k. In playing, the â€Å"TOUCH-MOVE SYSTEM† is used. Once a player â€Å"touches† a chip, it is imperative that he uses that chip for that particular move. l. A move is considered final once a player releases the chip, and he cannot change his move after he has released the chip. m. The use of calculator is recommended. n. All players in each level are ranked according to their respective number of games won to determine the winners. In case of a â€Å"triple tie†, the â€Å"the point-system† is used. Guidelines for Electrodamaths 1. ElectroDamaths is similar to Damath the whole numbers with certain variations as follows: a.) Odd numbers expressed in KWH b.) Even numbers expressed in Pesos, except ( 0 ) zero. 2. Sample in scoring: Chips + like Units + like Units + unlike Units like Units like Units unlike Units à · like Units à · like Units à · unlike Units Ãâ€" like Units Ãâ€" like Units Ãâ€" unlike Units Plus the remaining chips Move KWH 8 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 18 NS 3 kwh + 5kwh P 2 + P 10 7 kwh + P 4 5 kwh – 9 kwh P6-P0 7 kwh P 4 3 kwh à · 5kwh P6à ·P2 7 kwh à · P 4 3 kwh Ãâ€" 5kwh P 2 Ãâ€" P 10 7 kwh Ãâ€" P 4 7 kwh + 11kwh P4+P8 Score fca in Pesos NS 12 NS NS 6 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 12 26 kwh Ãâ€" P4/kwh = Total Score KWH fca in Pesos 8 12 8 12 8 12 8 18 8 18 8 18 8 18 8 18 8 18 8 18 8 18 26 26 18 30 Total kwh Ãâ€" prevailing rate at the venue TOTAL ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

Oral Communication Grammar Mistakes

Oral Communication Grammar Mistakes One of the most common problems during the oral communication is that people dont know grammar rules and how to use them properly. There are people who know a lot of words, but when they want to make a sentence they arent able to do it because they lack knowledge of grammar. There are also a few more problems that affect normal communication that will be mentioned in this paper. This study will deal with problem of people making so many mistakes during oral communication, and with possible resolution of that problem. Key words: oral communication, grammar, mistakes 1. INTRODUCTION Good communication is very important. It is important in terms of the individuals success personally, in their personal relationships, and it is important for their professional succes. In most cases employers are looking for employees who posses good communication skills, and by that, they want them to be able to read and write effectively, to be able to orally communicate with others effectively, to participate in teams. Effective communication skills are one of the major predictors of upward mobility in the organization, that is, people who have good communication skills are more likely to get promoted, to get raises, to end up getting positions that they want. People with good communication skills are not only more effective in informing others and persuading others, theyre also more effective at getting support from others and acquiring information from others, theyre acquiring emotional support from others and getting others to believe in them and what theyre doing. These skill s are extremely important in any aspect of professional life. In the personal sector, good communication skills matter so much in terms of the quality of family relationships, the relationship with close partners. Good communication is part of being a good parent, communicating effectively with your child, with your neighbors, and with others in your community. 2. COMMUNICATION Proper definition of communication could be that it is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals,writing, or behaviour. Oral communication is purposeful presentation designed to increace knowledge, to foster understanding, or to promote change in the liseners attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours. Communication requires a sender, a message, and a receiver, although the receiver doesnt need to be present or aware of the senders intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Good communication can be considered as creative activity which takes different forms depending from many factors, including the characteristics of the communicator (perception of self, attitude towards language learning, the level of self expectation in language use, perception of others), the process of making the meaning and responding(linguistic components the purpose of interaction) and the context in which the interaction happens. Scientist Lynn Harter said about communication: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Communication is an integral part of a liber al studies education because what communication helps students to focus on how they use symbolic resources at hand to create and maintain relationships, to participate as a citizen in the public sphere, whether thats attending a city council meeting and exercising their voice about a local initiative or petition. Or maybe its being involved on a board of directors for a local non-profit organization and being the person whos responsible for communicating with various stakeholders of that organization.  [1]   Types of oral communication are: Intrapersonal communication This kind of communication refers to a conversation that people hold with themself in some situations-for example, when a person needs to make an important decision. This kind of communication can be considered as the process of thinking. Interpersonal communication This kind of communication occurs between several people. Interpersonal communication can occur face to face and also through electronic channels like video-conferencing, chat rooms, e-mail,twitter. Small group communication This type of communication occurs in a small group of people. Small group communication helps people to interact with others. On this way peopleteach to exchange ideas,solve problems and share experiences with each other. Public communication or public speaking This typeof communication occurs between a speaker and an audience. Public speaking serves for the speaker to give important informations to audience. It is impotant to have effective public speaking so that the speaker can influence his audience when he communicates with them. Mass communication This type of oral communication is sent out from a source to many receivers all aroun the world. It occurs through media, through internet and blogs. Corporate communication This type of communication occurs between members of an organisation, within that organisation. Good corporate communication has a positive impact on morale, commitment and productivity in corporations. Intercultural communication Intercultural communication can be defined as communication between people of different cultures and ethnicity. The world is increasingly becoming a global village and every country has people of various ethnicities. Thus, it is important to note differences in the communication practices of different cultures if intercultural harmony and understanding is to be maintained. 3. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION To the success of any organization despite its size, geographical location, good business communication is extremely important. Business communication is linked with the internal culture and external image of any organization. This type of communication determines what is communicated, by whom and at what level. Effective communication can help the organization in achieving its goal by informing, persuading and building good will within both the internal environment and the external environment. Communication, internal and external, takes place in a nonverbal and verbal manner: through gestures, expressions, meetings and through listening,speaking and writing. Global environment is quickly changing and if organizations want to survive and prosper they need to change constanttly their way communication process are formed and delivered. Good communication skills can be helpful to peoplein their careers in various ways: It can build selfconfidence, make useful contracts, enable you to help and lead others. Most successful people recognize that communication was vital to their job success.Most of them said that communication skills were more important than the major subject they had studied in college. By improving communication one can help not only himself but the entire organization. That is because as an employee one forms a link in the organizations information chain. Peoples ability to receive, evaluate, use and pass on information gathered from inside and outside the organization affects your companys effectiveness. Managers rely on such information from their employees to take suitable and necessary action. By keeping employees informed about the happenings , by involving them in decision-making, and getting feedback from them regarding their opinions, attitudes and suggestions, managers can raise employee morale. As a result, employees are more willing to assume responsibility and support managements efforts. Communication scholar said: There are three things that I believe are very important to communicating in organizations. The first thing I would say is be aware of the context. If you dont understand the context, you dont know what something means. So what does it mean, for example, if a CEO is earning a thousand times more money than the lowest paid employee in an organization? Well, to an outside watchdog group, that could be corporate greed. To financial analysts on Wall Street, that could be good management. So you have to understand the context if youre going to understand the meaning of communication. The second thing I would suggest that people think about in terms of communicating in organizations is that communication creates relationships. A lot of people think all communication is about getting your point across, making sure that youre clear in your communication. I take a bit of a different view. Communication creates the relationships that you have with people. Theres that old saying, sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never harm me. It is a terrible, terrible axiom because the words we do use can harm people because they create different relationships. So how you talk does matter. The third thing I would simply say is that people need to be curious about communication. I think one of the biggest problems people run into in organizations when they communicate is they think they know what the other person means. Many times we act on false assumptions. You need to get curious about what people are saying and ask questions like, well, what do you mean by that? and where do you think this is going to take us? and just a number of different questions to sort out what it is that people are meaning because we come from different kinds of experiences, different backgrounds and we need to really understand what a person means by the words that they use.  [2]   4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Communication requires the transfer of informations from one person to another, and this kind of transfer of informations is dynamic. Writing is a static process of transfer of informations. The written language can be more precise. The choice of written words can be done with greater deliberation and thought. Writer can rewrite his text .The reader can read the text as he wishes. He can do it quickly, slowly or the reader can stop thinking in order to think about the informations that he has just read. The reader also has a possibility of re-reading the text. Speeches should be precise. There needs to be a lot of preparations and compresion for oral communication to be precise. When a word is once spoken it cant be retracted. The speaker can only apoligize for a mistake. One can read from a written text and can achieve with it the same degree of verbal precision as written communication. In most cases audience finds speech-reading uninteresting and boring. Oral communication is considered to be effective in expressing meaning to an audience. During the speech a few signals are available to a speaker: gestures, intonation,ninflection, volume, pitch, pauses, movement, visual cues as appearence The speaker has more control over the informations that the listener will hear than the writer has over what the reader will read. Reading an audience is a systematic and cumulative endeavor unavailable to the writer. As one speaks, the audience provides its own visual cues about whether it is finding the argument coherent, comprehensible, or interesting. Speakers should avoid focusing on single individuals within an audience. 5. COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE The notion of communicative competence was introduced by dell Hymes in the late 1960s. Children grow up in the midst of verbal interactions in which they need to pay attention not only to grammatical form (the order of words and their inflection) but also to the implications, for themselves and other participants, of what is said. To the extent to which linguistic research is concerned with the association between forms and meanings, it should recognize that any linguistic expression is associated with and often reproduces a set of attitudes, values, and beliefs about the world. To be a fluent speaker means to be able to recognize and exploit such attitudes, values and beliefs. Furthermore, language is often only one of the codes used for communication. Speakers complement, refine, and sometimes neutralize or even contradict the meaning of words they use by relying on gestures and eye gaze, and by the use of tools and other material resources around them. The notion of communicative competence was also meant to encourage the study of different codes and modes of communicating within and across situations. Although the term competence echoes Chomskys use of the same word, the addition of the adjective communicative broadens the object of inquiry. Furthermore, while Chomskys notion of competence refers to an abstract set of (typically unconscious) rules-based on an innate language faculty and independent of actual usage-Hymes notion of competence refers to the knowledge necessary for adequately communicating in real life situations. Hence the attention to what speakers actually do with language that is implicit in the notion of communicative competence is not only a methodological but also a theoretical concern. That is, it not only allows us to start from what people do with language in order to infer what they need to know, but alsorecognizes that knowledge of language is gained from participation in actual communicative events, implying the simultaneous relian ce on a number of semiotic resources and the collaboration of other participants. In this sense, Hymes notion of competence is not separate from the notion of performance the use of language as it is in Chompskys model. The introduction of the notion of communicative competence was consistent with Hymes earlier call for a new interdisciplinary field, the etnography of communication (sometimes called the etnography of speaking). This field is dedicated to the empirical study of patterns of speaking in different communities around the world. Theoretically, it draw from a number of traditions, most notably Roman JakobsonS functionalism as represented in his speech event model, from which Hymes derived his notion of communicative event, which is a unit of analysis conceived for the study of communicative competence. In This framework, speaker competence is no longer defined exclusively in terms of their knowledge of grammatical rules, but is also defined in terms of the range of communicative events in which they can participate. Such a range defines persons repertoire within a given community. 6. MOST USUAL MISTAKES IN ORAL COMMUNICATION Commuincators in the process of communication are influenced by several inputs and a deficiency in the quality of any of these inputs can prevent successful communication. According to Adler and Rodman(2006), communicators personal and social background, perception of self and others and verbal and non-verbal language skills are the main inputs influencing the process of communication. Communicators personal background factors such as age, motivation, literacy, and social class make the language learning experience of all individuals unique.  [3]   There are a few factors which can affect oral communication: Language difficulties The use of jargon Accent Physical condition affecting speach or hearing Environmental condition Grammar problems If the persons dont speak the same language fluently, normal conversation is hard to expect. Evidently they will have troubles in understanding each other. Here are a few english words whic are most commonly misspronounced: Archipelago Arctic Accessory Athlete Candidate Chaos Clothes Dilate Height Heinous Hierarchy Illinois Interpret Miniature mischievous Orient Old-fashioned Picture precipitation Drowned Preventive Pronunciation Prostate Jewelry Library Medievel Accent is also one of the factors that can strongly affect the communication between people. If two persons have different accents their communication may not be succesful. Their differences in speach may create misunderstandings. Physical condition affecting speach or hearing is one of the important factors that can influence normal communicaton. If persons who are communicating have a speech or hearing impairment the way that they communicate may have to be adapted. One of the factors by which oral communication is affected is enviromental condition. If persons are communicating in noisy conditions there might be the possibility that one of them miss the important information. In this conditions normal communication is very hard to achieve. Jargon is one of the factors that can affect communication. Especially in working situations people use words and phrases that mean something to them and their colleagues in their workplace or industry but which could be a foreign language to others. Grammar problem is important factor which affects communication. If people lack knowledge of grammar it is hard for them to create sentence, and it is hard to have normal communication in this conditions. There are few most common mistakes that people usually make. Here are the examples of a few gramaticaly incorrect sentences: The man which works here is from Brazil. Ana is married with a doctor. John must to call Isabel immadiately. Although it was snowing,but we had a good time. I like very much chocolate. He can to walk. Where I can find this person? (Where can I find this person?) I have been here since five months. The room is not enough big. (The room is not big enough.) There is nine boys in the bus. We didnt see nobody. He leaves in 6:00 am. Do you like a cup of coffee? Nick should not to drink alcohol 7. IMPROVEMENT OF ORALCOMMUNICATION No matter how good one knows the language, during the oral communication people make mistakes. These mistakes happen from different reasons. Even though oral communication is an effective way of receiving your message across to your listeners, it can also create misunderstanding, misinterpretation and confusion. This happens because each person has his own way of interpreting even when you speak the same language as your listener. There are a few ways to avoid this problems and to improve oral communication. One of the ways to improve oral communication is reading (books and other scriptures). If the person wants to avoid the problem of misunderstanding then it would be good to use simple words that can be clearly understood. Also in order to improve oral skills it is recomandable for a person to be a good listener, because effective communication includes speaking and active listening. If a person listens carefully , what the speaker is talking about, he improves his understanding. If a person wants his listeneres to understand the message it is good to tell a story, joke or read a quote. Jokes usually help people to relax, and in that way their mind will be more open to listen to a speaker. The way in which the story is told can affect the thinking of the listeners. Asking the right questions is also helpful in order to improve communication. A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Why questions gives a person a lot of reasons, excuses, understanding and explanations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾How questions set someones brain thinking for a solution, useful information and a strategy. By asking questions one can create a positive debate and interaction that will benefit all involved. If a speaker wants his speech to be good he should think and prepare before he speaks.. Misunderstanding can occur if a speaker exppresses himself without thinking and allows his emotions to take over. It is good for a speaker to create thoughts in his mind first and then to tell them aloud. Communication can be considered effective if a speaker reduces the use of verbal pauses. If a speaker often stops his sentence and adds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ah, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾um, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾well it can be very irritating to his listeners. To solve this problemm its good for a speaker to record his own voice and in that way he will be aware of all the mistakes he does during the speech. In this we way the speaker can improve his style of speaking. To have an effective commnication speaker should use words and phrases with care. Speaker shouldnt allow himself that people assume what he is trying to say. Speaker should speak with specifity, and words like never, ever, all, or always need to be avoided. One of the characteristics that speaker should posses is honesty, because if the speaker is promising something to people that is not possible it will break down any trust that the speaker has developed. It is also recomandable for a speaker to relax while speaking. It is important that one doesnt speak in hurry, because that could create impresion that the speaker is confused. Eye contact is also important. If the speaker is facing a crowd he shouldnt look at one person for more than 5 seconds. 8.CONCLUSION From this paper we could learn the most common mistakes people do during oral communication. Most people think that communication is about transferring informations clearly. Regardless of the context, of who youre talking to and of the situation, you need to be clear in your communication. I think thats a misperception because there are times at which being ambiguous can be very effective in your communication. I think one of the reasons that this is a misperception-that we need to be clear-is that our dominant way of thinking about communication is that its about getting your point across, or what some people call transferring information. I think we need to think about communication differently and change the perception of what communication is, that communication is about creating relationships, whether thats creating romantic relationships, whether thats creating relationships in a team, in the workplace, say between an employee and his or her boss, or whether thats creating relationships among nations or countries. It is good to think about communication as a process of creating relationship. So how we communicate creates different things. I think one of the biggest misperceptions is thinking that clear communication is good communication. And I think the reason we think that is because we have a model of communication that says that communication is about transferring information. I think that misperception goes away if we change our perception to one in which communication creates relationships.

Prospects of Outsourcing Clinical Research Projects

Prospects of Outsourcing Clinical Research Projects A STUDY OF OUTSOURCING CLINICAL RESEARCH PROJECTS TO ASIAN COUNTRIES (INDIA): ITS GROWTH AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ABSTRACT Outsourcing is increasingly becoming a trend within the clinical research industry. The pharmaceutical and biotechnological spend on outsourcing was estimated to be $48 million in the year 2008 and is expected to increase to $48 million by 2010 [Bloch et al, 2006]. The concept of outsourcing for the development and global studies on new drugs has become widely accepted in the pharmaceutical industry due to its cost and uncertainty. India is going to be the most preferred location for contract pharma research and development due to its huge treatment naà ¯ve population, human resources, technical skills, adoption/amendment/implementation of rules/laws by regulatory authorities, and changing economic environment. But still ‘miles to go to fulfil the pre-requisites to ensure Indias success. In spite of all the pitfalls, the country is ambitious and optimist to attract multinational pharmaceutical companies to conduct their clinical trials in India. The research methodology is done mixing the quantitative and qualitative methods as explained by Creswell (Creswell, J. W., 2003). The questionnaires designed for collecting data had open-and-closed ended questions to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data for the analysis. An extensive literature review of existing trend of outsourcing clinical research project was carried out. Six interviews were conducted; two interviews to gain an understanding of the process and the activities outsourced by the pharmaceutical industry, benefits and risks involve in outsourcing, why Indian CRO are considered better to outsource the clinical research projects and four interviews to evaluate the strategies employed by the CRO in order to improve the relationship with key clients. The primary conclusion from this study is that outsourcing is a necessity within the clinical research industry. The study concluded that the many pharmaceuticals from UK are outsourcing their clinical research mainly to Asian countries for fast, cost effective and quality results. The study concluded that the relationship between the client and the CRO is the key element for the future of outsourcing clinical research projects. Chapter 1- Introduction and Background 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"Outsourcing allows companies to reduce costs, benefits consumers with lower cost goods and services, and causes economic expansion that reduces unemployment, and increases productivity and job creation.† [Elder, 2009] According to the American heritage dictionary outsourcing is defined as the â€Å"procurement of services or products from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs† [Amiti, 2004] This chapter aims to understand the rationale behind this project which is on understanding the process of outsourcing within the clinical research industry. The cost of drug development has been consistently on the rise, which has led to the pharmaceutical industry looking for new methods for conducting clinical research [Jayshree, 2005]. These companies have also been trying to develop strategies in order to identify and focus on their core competencies [McIvor, 2000]. This has now been achieved by the process of outsourcing. Contract research was initially limited to pre-clinical studies and clinical trial services; however it now covers a varied range of activities. [Jayshree, 2005] Outsourcing therefore has become a customary business strategy. [Editors, May 2005]. As time progresses a number of activities are outsourced to service providers such as Contract Research Organisations (CRO). It has been estimated that there are 1200 organisations which are involved in clinical research; these include pharmaceutical and biotechnological in-house clinical management, site management organisations (SMOs), academic and medical centres, private research sites and contract research organisations. These organisations aid in completion of the projects within the stipulated timelines and thereby increase the profit margins of the pharmaceutical companies. In the US, 60% of the clinical research activities were outsourced to CROs, in the year 2001. The CRO market has been growing rapidly ($1 billion in 1992 to $8 billion in 2002). This growth is evident not only in terms of revenue generation; but also in the number of patients being recruited in clinical trials (7 million in 1992 to 20 million in 2001). Therefore there is an increasing demand in the pharmaceutical industry for outsourcing activities to these service providers. [Jayshree, 2005] In order to meet the project requirements and timelines the pharmaceutical companies attempt to select the best service provider from several CROs. There is an intense competition between these organisations. I.1 illustrates the results of a survey conducted by Contract Pharma in 2005 wherein the respondents have graded the various characteristics they expect from a CRO in terms of very important and / or important. 1.2 RESEARCH TITLE A study of outsourcing clinical research project to Asian countries (India), its growth future prospects 1.3 RESEARCH BACKGROUND As time progresses a number of activities are outsourced to service providers such as Contract Research Organisations (CRO). It has been estimated that there are 1200 organisations which are involved in clinical research; these include pharmaceutical and biotechnological in-house clinical management, site management organisations (SMOs), academic and medical centres, private research sites and contract research organisations. These organisations aid in completion of the projects within the stipulated timelines and thereby increase the profit margins of the pharmaceutical companies. In the US, 60% of the clinical research activities were outsourced to CROs, in the year 2001. The CRO market has been growing rapidly ($1 billion in 1992 to $8 billion in 2002). This growth is evident not only in terms of revenue generation; but also in the number of patients being recruited in clinical trials (7 million in 1992 to 20 million in 2001). Therefore there is an increasing demand in the pharmaceutical industry for outsourcing activities to these service providers. [Jayshree, 2005] Clinical trials are designed to help us find out how to give a new treatment safely and effectively to people. With escalating pressure on research and development (RD) cost-containment across the global pharmaceutical industry, there is increased focus on reducing the cost of clinical development. The additional problem of delayed development is also affecting new drug introductions, losing incremental revenues. This dual challenge of accelerating clinical development and reducing costs has forced major pharma companies to look at alternative destinations for sourcing patients for their global studies. Exploration on these lines guides pharma industry to take interest in the countries like Latin America, Eastern Europe and Asia. Amongst Asian countries, India stands out prominently due to its huge treatment-naà ¯ve patients population, English speaking doctors and a large pharmaceutical presence that has dominated the world market due to cheap generics. As the multinational drug co mpanies in the United States and Western Europe look east to outsource research and clinical trial activities, countries such as India will gain proficiency and expertise, assisting its move from generic and speciality contract manufacturing to innovative drug discovery and development in its own right, setting the stage for increased global competition. [Unknown, website:http://www.cyfuture.com/history-ofoutsourcing.htm]. India has emerged as a strong base for clinical trials in recent times. Due to the multitude of benefits it offers, the country is fast growing as a centre of conducting clinical trials for many international companies. India, with its huge patient base, low cost advantage, completion of cilia trial on time, improving infrastructure, and with a strong government support is witnessing a double digit growth in its clinical trial market. All major pharmaceutical companies and Clinical Research Organisation (CROs) have already started conducting their clinical trials in India, and with improving infrastructure, industry friendly regulations and trained workforce, the growth is only likely to increase in future. 1.4 RATIONALE FOR CHOSEN TOPIC I decided to do my research on outsourcing because my personal interest and also clinical research outsourcing became the most important factor in the economic growth of many developing countries. I strongly believe that this paper provide some good literature along with some organizational evidences which will be beneficial to other pharmaceutical industry to outsource their clinical trials to India. Further as I have chosen my area as a clinical research outsourcing from European countries to many developing Asian countries along with the risk involvement in it so I will be collecting theories and information from pharmaceutical companies which will provide some evidence to the topic. In addition to the theories, I will be interviewing the mangers of pharmaceutical companies to find out their opinion and on that basis I will further review my topic. Also my personal interest in this topic is that I have worked in the clinical research industry for around 3.5 years. I know many of the processes and whole flow of the study completion. I have worked in CRO for top pharma companies like Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline so I know all the insights of clinical research its importance, criticality and confidentiality. Also by working on this thesis I will get to know UK pharmaceutical market and how they carry out their clinical research. It will definitely help me in my job search as I want to work in clinical data management field in UK pharma or CRO. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: They are a means to structure, focus and direct the dissertation and to reconcile the objectives with the primary research. (I need your inputs regarding how to reference this portion of work as I have taken it from your notes) Research is an organised and systematic way of finding answers to questions. Questions are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose. Research questions:- 1) To understand the UK pharmaceutical/clinical research Industry. 2) To define the nature and characteristics of outsourcing 3) What is the importance of Clinical Research industry? 4) What is the relationship between pharmaceutical industry and CR industry? 5) Why outsource clinical research? 6) Why outsource clinical research mainly to Asian countries? 7) What are the effects of outsourcing clinical research on a pharmaceutical industry? 8) How to improve relationship between pharma and CRO in the process of outsourcing? 9) Which elements are most important for relationship between pharma and CRO both now and in future? 10) How to manage performance throughout the outsourcing process to improve its future? 1.6 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Outsourcing is a fascinating field which now forms a core component of business within the clinical research industry. This chapter aims to understand the aims and objectives which are intend to be completed during the course of this project. 1.6.1 Aim: To understand the growth and future prospects in outsourcing of clinical research projects from UK Pharma to Clinical Research Organisation in Asian countries. This research was conducted in order to understand the process of outsourcing within the clinical research industry. This research is mainly based on pharmaceutical companies in UK and Europe who outsources their most of the clinical trial work to overseas companies mainly in Asian countries .The actual aim of this research is to find out why there is an increase in outsourcing of clinical trials to Asian countries and what are the future prospects for both pharma companies and CRO where the projects are getting outsourced. This research also talks about what benefits the companies have due to outsourcing its clinical trials to developing countries. 1.6.2 Objectives: The following are the objectives of the research 1. To understand the current scenario of outsourcing within the clinical research industry. 2. Analysis of UKs Pharmaceutical industries where companies are going for outsourcing 3. What are the various reasons behind outsourcing? 4. Analysis of Clinical Research Organisations in Asian countries were outsourced jobs get done. 5. Overlook on the procedure of outsourcing and the basis on which selection outsource company is being done. 6. To identify the risks and benefits involved in outsourcing from the perspective of a client and service provider. 7. To develop a questionnaire in order to establish the internal views of a leading Pharmaceutical (Client) and CRO (service provider) on outsourcing. 1.7 THE STRUCTURE OF DISSERTATION This paper consists of following chapters which are, Dissertation document structure: Chapter 1: Introduction In chapter 1, an introduction to outsourcing and clinical research industry was given in order to provide the reader a good background of outsourcing and clinical research industry. The Chapter also addresses why UK Pharma companies choose CRO in Asian countries (India) for outsourcing and the relationship between them. Chapter 2: Literature review This chapter provides background information on the processes of outsourcing as well as gives an overview of outsourcing within the clinical research industry. Chapter 3: A structured research methodology A background on the research methodologies, knowledge claims, research strategies, and data collection was given as the first part of this chapter. The implemented research process and methodology for this research study was explained subsequently. The last part of the chapter addressed the validation process and the objectives achieved through the research study. The author of this thesis selected a research methodology mixing the quantitative and qualitative methods as explained by Creswell (Creswell, J. W., 2003). The questionnaires designed for collecting data had open-and-closed ended questions to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data for the analysis. An extensive literature review of existing trend of outsourcing clinical research project was carried out. Chapter 4: Company Case Chapter 5: Data Collection and Analysis of the project Six interview were conducted from the UK Pharma and CRO in India to gain an understanding of the process and the activities outsourced by the pharmaceutical industry, benefits and risks involve in outsourcing, why Indian CRO are considered better to outsource the clinical research projects and what is the future prospects of outsourcing clinical research by developing good relationship between client and CRO. Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations The primary conclusion from this study is that outsourcing is a necessity within in the clinical research industry. The study concluded that the many pharmaceuticals from UK are outsourcing their clinical research to Asian countries for fast, cost effective and quality results. The study also concluded that the relationship between the client and the CRO is the key element for the future of outsourcing clinical research. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In the previous chapters I have presented the overall background to the topic and also supportive literature to the outsourcing of clinical research along with relationship building in between CRO and pharma. The main aim of this chapter is to outline the research methodology used for this topic. In this chapter we will provide and discuss the content of the research approach towards the topic and designing of it used throughout the study of it. 3.2 RESEARCH PROCESS This is traditional and highly structured view of research process. This model also provides research as neat and orderly process, with one stage leading logically on to the other. As provided in step 1 research topic can be identified as a result of your course, work, job, interest area or general experience. On the basis of research topic in order to narrow down the research area, research problem is defined which focuses on particular research problem with small enough of investigation. Next step is to tell how exactly the research is to be conducted which is followed by the collection of the data which includes primary and secondary data. After analyzing and interpreting this collected data final report is being written. 3.3 NATURE OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Conducting research in the real world was a challenge for dissertation due to the lack of a central body/authority to provide information related to pharmaceutical and CRO confidential data regarding outsourcing of clinical research. The followings are some of the key challenges faced during the research process: 3.3.1 Lack of transparency An effort was made to address some questions through the questionnaires related to the outsourcing of clinical research and its benefits, the risks you face when you outsource processes to the CRO, the key issues that lead to a loss of business from the clients, and the competencies that differentiate the CRO from its competitors. These questions were either not answered or answered with uncertainties by some respondents. The author has to take out the information through indirect ways of addressing the questions over the interviews conducted with some of the Operational managers and employees in person or through phone interviews. This indeed increased the time and effort in the data collection phase in the research process but was overcome with certain limitations. 3.3.2 Inadequate references: The author had struggled to find good references or documents related to outsourcing clinical research, its future and all the other relevant data was offered either through the common portal or the business departments sites. The lack of academic case studies on information security, publications, or white papers was a challenge for the extraction of information in the literature review and data analysis. Despite the above challenges, the objectives of the research as mentioned in Section 1.4 were the pillars of the research methodology and the research process was implemented to achieve them. 3.4 RESEARCH METHOD Research method tells about the methodologies used for the research topic. The main aim of this method is to discuss and select the appropriate method to achieve the research objectives which also provide the structured and systematic way throughout the process to perform the research. A Research Method is nothing but a way in which the data is arranged to get desired output. It can also be defines as a systematic and orderly approach to the collection and analysis of data. In any research collected or gathered is always called as samples or data, which is raw, specific, untreated, undigested and therefore largely meaningless. The analysis arranges the data in a meaningful manner and resolves research questions. So it is very important to select a correct analysis method on the correct set of data to get accurate results and outputs for the research problem. There are several different analytical methods, which are commonly used in business and management research works. These methods vary according to the nature and scope of the topic and thesis, the sources of data to be used, the purposes of gathering data, the amount of control in obtaining the data, and assumptions to be made in analyzing the data. 3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is a ‘Science of planning procedures for conducting studies so as to get the most valid findings (Vogt, 1993, P.196). Research design will give you detailed plan and guide about focus of your research. Research design is a strategic research approach which is adopted to answer the research questions. The research approaches are classified as exploratory, descriptive or analytical research. Exploratory research is generally conducted for the topics where hardly any few or nothing to refer for the researcher in terms of work done by previous researcher. Researcher conducts the exploratory research for three main purposes a) diagnosing a situation, b) Screening alternatives, C) Discovering new ideas.(Zikmund,200). In general exploratory research is meaningful in any kind of situation where there is not a exact understanding in order to proceed with research (malhotra, 2004). Research conducted for this project was largely exploratory, which involved brand equity research; a research wherein the researcher determines the favorability of a particular brand among its customers [Trochim, W.M.K, 2006]. In order to fulfill the aims and objectives set for this project a schedule of tasks to be completed was drawn up: 1. A comprehensive study of article and reports which dealt with basic outsourcing as a concept. 2. A study of articles and reports related to outsourcing within the clinical research industry to provide an insight into the functioning of pharmaceutical companies. 3. Evaluation of the information gathered so as to compile a literature review. 4. Preparation of questionnaires as tools to obtain the generic information about outsourcing within a leading pharmaceutical company. 5. Selecting relevant interviewees for conducting the interview. 6. Preparation of questionnaires in order to interview key people within the organisation who were responsible for ensuring that deliverables are met in a timely manner. 7. Conducting the interviews 8. Transcription of the responses obtained during the interviews 9. Analysing the responses obtained and generating the results. 10. Conclusions and recommendations from the results obtained. These tasks required a comprehensive collection of information from various sources. The collection of data for analysis and interpretation was done in two phases: 1. Desk Research 2. Field Research 3.5.1 Desk Research The desk research comprised a comprehensive and extensive literature review in order to gain a thorough understanding of the industry, outsourcing. This took place during the first four weeks of the project. The reading material covered a range of internet articles and industrial reports. The majority of the articles were found by using internet research. This method of research involved the extensive use of the Internet especially the World Wide Web [Berry, D. M. (2004)]. The search engines used to look for information included Google, Yahoo, MSN, Google Scholar and the UWIC library search hub. Some reports were also provided by the Industry Supervisor. The articles were read and the information which was relevant to the project aims was reviewed and included in the literature review which forms the second chapter of the thesis. Some of the well known reports such as the Tufts reports and a report by Alison Sahoo, (2006) on Pharmaceutical Outsourcing Strategies did not only provide very good background information but also provided a plethora of information on outsourcing. Name of report Kind of information provided McKinsey Reports These reports provide comprehensive information on issues such as consolidation, licensing, biotechnology pipeline, outsourcing within the industry etc [McKinsey company website, accessed on 12 Dec 2009] Tufts Reports Strategic information for drug developers, regulator and academic researchers to help improve the quality of pharmaceutical development, review and utilisation [Tufts website, accessed on 15 Dec 2009] International Biopharmaceutical Association Publications The publications give information on product updates, news and industry trends, these journals have articles on the current issues related to the industry [IBPA website, accessed on 20 Dec 2009] William Blair Company reports These reports provide information on research providers and high quality growth companies. [William Blair and Company website, accessed on 22 Dec 2009] International Monetary Fund reports These reports provide information on high quality research and publish articles by a variety of guests on a number of topics [IMF Staff Papers, accessed on 27 Dec 2009] 3.5.2 Field Research The research on the subject of outsourcing included the construction of questionnaires and interviewing internal members of a leading CRO in order to fulfil the aim of the project. There are two types of research classified on the basis of type of questioning: 1. Quantitative research 2. Qualitative research Quantitative research is research which uses a combination of inferential statistics and descriptive statistics as tools to analyze data and draw conclusions. It involves random sampling techniques to enable valid and credible sampling from a particular population. This kind of market research includes surveys and questionnaires which express a statistically significant result. [Bradburn et. Al. 1988] Qualitative research, on the other hand, generally precedes the quantitative research. It aids in understanding a problem, setting up a hypothesis and determining the route to be taken for the quantitative research. This type of research is expensive and does not progress as rapidly as its counterpart. The number of respondents in this type of research is few and therefore the results of such a research cannot be extrapolated to the entire population [Malhotra, 2006]. The essential guide to doing research The research carried out in this study was qualitative in nature and hence did not generate a large amount of statistical information. It was decided, with the consent of the University and the Industry Supervisors, that the aims and objectives of the project could be fulfilled by interviewing relevant people within the CRO itself. There were four interviews, in total, which were conducted. Two interviews were conducted from the members which belong to pharmaceutical company and other two were conducted from CRO, which is service provider for this pharmaceutical company. 3.6 Data collection There are two main types of data collection primary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary data is the one which can be obtained by researcher directly, by observation or measurement of phenomenon in a real world without any disturbance of third party involvement. (walliman,2005). In every case researcher is answerable for his sources and should be able to argue in defense of quality of his sources. In secondary data the information is subjected to the source of reference. The main difference between primary and secondary data is, Primary data is originated by researcher for specific purpose of addressing the problem where as secondary data have been already collected for the purpose of other than problem (Malhotra, 2005). In the data collection process, both questionnaires and interviewing methods were adopted. The interview data were analyzed using the immersion approach (Robson, C., 2002) The questionnaires were designed to include open ended questions and closed ended questions in order to give the participants the flexibility to add more comments and points and not be restricted to the answers provided for any question (Creswell, J. W., 2003). 3.6.1 Review of secondary resources: * Related research papers, journals, industrial white papers, and surveys were researched, collected, indexed, and reviewed by the author. The objective of this step was to have a good repository of all journals and conference proceeds addressing the topic of outsourcing, different methods of outsourcing, clinical research industry, pharmaceutical industry , and increase in the outsourcing of CRO projects to developing countries like India , china etc. * During the course of the research, the author had either read or skimmed through more than 50 journals, whitepapers, conference proceedings, and books. Only 50 references regarded useful to the research were indexed and documented. 3.6.2 Identifying Interviewees: It was of paramount importance to select the right people to interview from a plethora of people, each skilled in their own field. With the intention of obtaining the maximum amount of information from the interviewees about outsourcing within the clinical research industry, people who were crucial to increasing the business opportunities for the leading pharmaceutical were chosen for these interviews. These people form a bridge between the top pharmaceutical companies and the CRO; hence it was decided that they were the best in the field of outsourcing within the CRO and therefore were selected for the interview. The questionnaires for the interviews were prepared accordingly. The field research was carried out in two phases: 1. Phase I: Preparation of questionnaires 2. Phase II: Conducting the interviews Phase I (the preparation of the questionnaire) required the author of this thesis to have an appreciation of the challenges of the industry and the current state of the art with respect to outsourcing in order to be able to target the questions in the most appropriate manner. There were two different questionnaires employed and these were directed at two different business activities that could be outsourced. These were: 1. Questionnaire for members belonging to pharmaceutical company. 2. Questionnaire for members who are part of CRO Structured interviews: Two questionnaires (A and B) were created and were sent to Pharmaceutical Company (Pharma) and the CRO (Clinical Research organisation) respectively with specific and direct questions related to the areas of research interest. A preliminary interview with the head of Outsourcing Department in the pharmaceutical company was conducted to explain the purpose of the research and seek his opinion on the questionnaires and their objectives. Some of the heads of the departments did not have the chance to fill questionnaire and requested the author to fill them during their interviews. Mailed/Online questionnaire Both questionnaires A B were sent to the appropriate participants. The participants were invited based on their management involvement and based on their strong background on the outsourcing issues. The questionnaires were sent via email to them and the feedbacks were received through email. Both questionnaires A and B were developed as an output of this phase with different sets of questions addressed to the two categories of respondents (pharmaceutical company and Clinical Research Organisation). The questionnaires were sent and assistance offered to clarify the questionnaires questions if needed. The background information was obtained by a comprehensive study of the available literature and that has been reported in Chapter III. This chapter aims to report the results obtained during the interviews which were conducted as part of the research. 3.6.3 Questionnaire for members belonging to pharmaceutical company related to outsourcing This questionnaire was designed to obtain informat